Theses and Dissertations
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Item Open Access Design for Eldelry : Taking a Human Factors Approach to Design(Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology, 2022) Hingonia, Harshal; Desai, Binita�The world population is changing: for the first time, there are more people over 64 than children younger than 5.� We are all aware of how rapidly demographics are changing in most countries, where improved health care, changing birth rates, and improvements in housing, water, and energy infrastructure have resulted in an increase in the number of older people in their populations. Over 139 million people in India are over the age of 60, accounting for more than 10% of the total population. With 319 million people over the age of 60, the proportion of older people is expected to nearly double to 19.5% by 2050. This means that one in every five Indians is likely to be over the age of 60. Our societies and governments face significant challenges as a result of these changes. Too often, political debate has framed population aging as a problem to be solved. Employer prejudice reflected in the rejection of people over the age of 55�60 reflects a broader community prejudice against older people, namely that they are invariably slow, resistant to change, and prone to serious health issues. All of these stereotypes persist, but they are incorrect. Increasing life expectancy is beneficial to the economy. Longevity has a significant economic impact. Older people contribute to economic growth as both producers and consumers of goods and services. The over-60s in India make up 10.5% of the population but control more than 30% of the country�s economic assets. They contribute billions of dollars to the economy through volunteer work, care for the elderly and disabled, and child care. According to surveys conducted in several countries, the majority of older people want to remain independent in theirown homes for as long as possible. Older people have a great influence over policy decisions. The emphasis has to be onaging-in-place. Rapid technological advancements, particularly those driven by information and communication technologies, provide a plethora of opportunities to support this strategy. In a country like India, ethnicity and language differences present unique challenges to inclusion and access to aged support services. In addition, there are significant socioeconomic differences and regional variations that must be taken into account. As the world becomes more urbanized, the needs of the elderly must be addressed appropriately. In general, rural areas and indigenous communities have unique transportation, health-care, and social-communication needs. Collaboration and cooperation with older people from a variety of backgrounds, interests, and experiences can lead to novel approaches to assistive technology. Acceptance and use of such assistive technologies, on the other hand, are dependent on the perceptions and attitudes of potential customers. Younger technologists frequently fail to consult with older adults when developing these technologiesand associated devices, and as a result, their products are market failures. The issues surrounding older adults� adoption and use of new technologies are complex, and this is the major theme I tried to explore throughout this project. There is a wide diversity amongst older people which needs to be recognized. It is critical to gain a better understanding of older people�s contributions, capabilities, needs, and aspirations. This rapidly changing field provides an innovative, critical, and comprehensive approach to technological and social issues. This collection fills the void by focusing on the knowledge that is missing in a comprehensive and multidisciplinary manner. This is an attempt to contribute to the development and application of assistive and social technologies for older people by enlisting the help of sociologists, doctors, computer scientists, engineers, and design practitioners to investigate the design, implementation, and evaluation of these technologies.Item Open Access Design and analysis of multiband fractal antenna(Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology, 2015) Dhoot, Vivek; Gupta, SanjeevMiniaturized Multiband antenna design is an important and challenging task for communication industry. Several constraints like size, position of the antenna, feasibility, reflection coefficient, Specific absorption Rate (SAR), make it more difficult to design a multiband antenna. Current trend suggests that one device (Mobile, Tablet PCs etc.) should cover multiple communication applications (Like GSM, LTE, Bluetooth, Wi_ etc.). It implies that antenna design should not only satisfy the constraints but also cover wide multiband range. In this research work, design, analysis and measurement of fractal antennas, are carried out, for such multiband applications. Revised cantor geometry is proposed for antenna design, which produces more than 5 resonances in second iteration only (feasible design). The three dimensional Finite Difference Time Domain (3D-FDTD) Method is used for analyzing the reflection coefficient of the antenna. Revised cantor geometry based compact, low profile LTE fractal antenna is proposed here, for Mobile and Tablet PC applications. The proposed antenna is appropriately covering several wireless applications, including LTE 1.7-1.8 GHz band, 2.3 GHz, 2.6 GHz and 2.9 GHz applications, WLAN 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz applications, GSM, UMTS, DCS, ZigBee, PCS, applications. This antenna is designed and analyzed using MATLAB code based on 3D FDTD method. Antenna finger dimensions are optimized using observations in MATLAB and CST Studio Suite. Radiation Patterns show, for all the observed frequencies, Directivity between 7.72 dBi to 8.17 dBi and Radiation Efficiency, within the range of -0.98 dB to -1.95 dB. Experimental reflection coefficient results present accurate matching with theoretical results. Theoretically analyzed SAR is less than 1.6 W/kg for 10 g tissue, without mobile circuitry. SAR reduction technique is also been presented.In addition to this, fractal antenna on substrate with high dielectric constant, fractal antenna array design and integrated antenna designs, are also studied, as part of this work.
Item Open Access Design of a low noise amplifier for UWB range of 5.5-8.5 GHz(Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology, 2014) Vyas, Krunal D.; Gupta, SanjeevThis study reviews and analyze the designing of Low Noise Amplifier. The parameters should be analyzed properly before the design of LNA, so this thesis includes the basics of all parameters with transmission line usage as inductor and capacitor. The first phase of thesis includes the method to designing and simulation of LNA at 5.8GHz frequency from reference. In this thesis, amplifier used is Ga-AS type where as in reference paper superHEMT was used. The method for designing LNA includes impedance matching with normalized impedance and admittance and also using microstrip lines. With the help of Stability circles one can design proper amplifier at particular frequency. Finally the simulation of LNA for 5.8 GHz has been done in Agilent ADS software version 2009 with the results of gain, NF, stability factor which is different from reference. The second phase of thesis includes the method to designing and simulation of LNA in 5.5 GHz -8.5 GHz. In this thesis, transistor used is NE3512S02 which covers desired frequency range with proper gain and noise figure. The method for designing LNA includes impedance matching with normalized impedance and admittance and also using microstrip lines. Finally the simulation of LNA in 5.5-8.5 GHz has been done in ADS software with the results of gain, NF, stability factor.Item Open Access Appe midi: pickling the cultural and biological diversity of the Western Ghats in Karnataka(Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology, 2013) Hedge, Padmini; Devy, GaneshThe title of the project is ‘Appe midi’: Pickling the cultural and biological diversity of the Western Ghats in Karnataka. The project explores to create an informed consumer regarding the issues of foodways and sustainable consumption through the biography of a rare tender mango, ‘appe midi’. The project also an attempt to create awareness among the primary producers (wiz. The farmers) regarding the issue of conservation. The final output is a new kind of pickle packaging designed for the consumers and a series of print advertisements designed for the farmers.Item Open Access PlacesDA: campus social app for DA-IICT students to explore places(Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology, 2013) Ganguli, Avik; Raje, NitinAgainst the backdrop of ubiquity of computers and computer networks in our lives today, especially on academic campuses, the objective of this project is to explore and imagine multimedia interfaces and interactions between students and the campus - the enhance and augment the social networks of place-exploration, place-sharing and place-ownership. The motivation for this project is derived from the fascination with the idea of a campus where place come alive with intelligent, ubiquitous, contextual interactions, on the go - and outside the campus as well. Places develop importance and meaning from use by people as individuals and as community. In a campus scenario, the community accepts new members at lest once every year, and at least once every year, new members must learn all about the traditions / legacies of the community, And this information is not static - rather created and re-created / rediscovered. Over time, as a campus community develops places, the phenomena of footprint and territory take form - for example when a student goes on an internship or when an alumni joins the workplace, or when a lot of students start visiting a particular ice cream parlour; as a result, places start accumulating heritage value for newcomers to learn about as also feelings of ownership develop among the student community as a whole. However, the challenge is to first develop a framework of interaction that faithfully resolves all the pressing place-related information needs facing the freshman students, experienced senior student planning a trip, or even an alumni looking to catch up on trends or sharing an experience. The design process began by identifying the audience, identifying their goals - information needs, conceptualizing a self-sustaind network of information exchange within the audience community, archetyping the audience and selecting interview candidates, conducting interviews - gaining more insights, weighing goals, understanding tasks and identifying gaps in available media. Further a competitive benchmarking was done against priority goals benchmarks and intervention features were identified,a detailed product strategy was conceptualised, its information architecture outlined. Finally, some of the high priority screens were wireframed and demonstrated to a few selected members of the audience community, their feedback and suggestions duly noted.Item Open Access Column decoder for memory redundant cell array(Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology, 2010) Nahar, Pinky; Nagchoudhuri, DipankarAs the semiconductor technology advances, the yield of memory chip is reducing. The cause of yield degradation is errors in manufacturing process associated with tight geometries. The thesis work proposes a redundancy circuit to enhance the reliability for the faulty columns in memory array. The online testing circuit generates the signals for faulty columns, which enables the redundant circuit to replace faulty with spare column of cells. The redundant decoder and multiplexer provide the path to replace the faulty columns with the spare columns. The novel feature of proposed work is that, input of redundant column decoders depends upon the number of bits for a word output instead of the address signals. The proposed circuit provides the reliability with some loss in speed and overhead in terms of chip area. The operating voltage for the design is 3V. The layout and simulations are performed in CADENCE tool for .1μm technology. The performance parameters of various decoders are performed in LT Spice for .18μm technology.Item Open Access Bidirectional service composition(Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology, 2010) Khakhkhar, Sandip; Chaudhary, SanjayService is a network addressable software component to perform a specific task. A service consumes given input parameters, performs specific task based on input parameters and returns the result in terms of output parameters. A service request specifies required task in terms of input parameters that can be provided and output parameters that are required. A service discovery mechanism can be used to find services that can be executed to satisfy service request. Service and service request is match by comparing their input/output parameters. A service request may be complex enough that it can not be satisfied by an individual service. It might be possible to execute a chain of services in a particular order to satisfy service request. This chain of services is referred as composition plan and service offered by executing this composition plan is referred as composite service. The aim of service composition algorithm is to generate a composition plan and generate composite service to satisfy service request. Services involved in composition plan are selected manually while designing composite service in static composition process. This process consumes considerable amount of time and effort. It is also vulnerable to changes in input/output of services. A dynamic composition algorithm is required that can automatically select services involved in composite plan and generate a composite service on-the-fly. Main issue with dynamic composition algorithms is composition time taken by algorithm to generate a composite service. Composition time indicates duration of the time at which the service request was submitted to the algorithm till the algorithm generate a composite service that can satisfy service request. Composition time depends upon the number of services required to explore in order to find services that can take part in composite plan. Dynamic composition algorithms presented in previous work mainly follows either forward chaining approach or backward chaining approach to find a composite service. Performance of algorithms based on forward chaining approach or backward chaining approach suffers for certain cases to generate a composite service where number of services explored increases exponentially as number of iterations increases. This work proposes a dynamic composition algorithm that gives consistent performance across all the cases. Proposed algorithm approaches from two directions alternatively, one follows forward chaining approach and other follows backward chaining approach. Composition algorithm following only forward chaining approach or backward chaining approach performs all the iterations in one direction only where as proposed algorithm requires only half number of iterations in both directions. Algorithm uses two types of matching strategy to compare input/output parameters. First one is based on keyword matching and second one based on semantic matching strategy. Performance of proposed algorithm is evaluated by performing relevant experiments and results are compared with algorithms based on only forward chaining approach or backward chaining approach. Proposed algorithm explores less number of services and takes less composition time compared to algorithms based on only forward chaining approach or backward chaining approach.Item Open Access High-performance low-voltage current mirror design(Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology, 2010) Gandhi, Nikunj; Parikh, Chetan D.Design of high precision analog circuits requires accounting for the mismatch between nominally identical transistors. In this work, errors affecting CMOS current mirrors due to mismatch between identical transistors are discussed, and circuit techniques to overcome these errors are studied. The dynamic current mirror (DCM) is one of the solutions to overcome mismatch problems. Dynamic current mirrors contain analog and digital components together so that errors due to process variations, temperature and ageing effect can be cancelled. Various circuit techniques such as op-amp based DCM, reduced transconductance based DCM, and cascode based DCM have been used to improve the performance of current mirrors. This thesis proposes a novel circuit for a low-voltage high-performance dynamic current mirror design. The thesis investigates the performance of analog switches at low voltages, and suggests an improved bootstrap switch; errors due to clock feed through and charge injection in the switch are analysed. A new low charge injection, voltage-boosted analog switch is recommended in the dynamic current mirror design. A bulk-driven dynamic current mirror circuit is proposed, and found to be an effective solution at low voltage. The proposed circuit is designed optimally in a 0.18µm CMOS process, in the Cadence Spectre environment. A current copying accuracy of ±0.14% is achieved under worst case conditions.Item Open Access High speed sample and hold circuit design(Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology, 2010) Dwivedi, Varun Kumar; Parikh, Chetan D.Sampling of the time-varying input signal is the first step in any type of Analog to Digital (A/D) conversion. For Low Power and high-speed A/D converter, a high-performance Sample and Hold (S/H) circuit is needed as its front-end component. In this thesis, the high speed sample and hold circuit has been designed, requiring low power as a front end block of pipeline analog to digital converter. In this work, architectures of sample and hold circuit are studied and issues which limit the performance of sample and hold circuits are discussed. A fully differential S/H circuit using bottom plate sampling is proposed. The circuit has been designed in order to meet the specification. Amplifiers are studied and folded-cascode amplifier is chosen as an optimum architecture for switch capacitor based sample and hold circuit. The proposed circuit is designed optimally in a 180 nm CMOS process, in the Cadence Spectre environment. The speed and power achieved are 125 MSPS, 6.8mW respectively.Item Open Access Executable specification design and simulation of OFDM based communication system(Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology, 2009) Sa, Sudhir Kumar; Dubey, RahulThe communication system using the OFDM principle is today one of the most important application in communication field. This system has various applications from broadband to 3G and digital TV to Radio LANs. This master’s thesis project deals with the implementation of certain specification, algorithmic exploration for WVAN (wireless video area network) in Simulink®. The implemented model and its specification is the reference for the hardware designing and verification. The model used in OFDM based QPSK/16-QAM modulated communication system for the WHD WVAN standard at the High Rate Physical (HRP) layer. This thesis project describes the functionality of the various communication blocks and the method of data transmission through these blocks. The main purpose of this model is to calculate the BER (Bit Error Rate). The final design which supports the different HRP mode for different code rate and different Modulation scheme can take different length of sub-packets which depends on the HRP mode of Transmission. This model also implements the radix-2 FFT algorithm for fixed point FFT processor. Since the FFT processor cannot be used standalone, so in this thesis it is employed in an OFDM Transmitter and Receiver. The goal of this report is to outline the knowledge gained during the master’s thesis project, to describe a design methodology for the OFDM based communication system for high throughput and best error protection. The functionality of each block of the communication system is written in „C‟ code and the output data of each block of Simulink Model is compared to 'C' code written output for the same input.